Beautiful and abiding nature is a cherished mankind. Beautiful and abiding nature constitute surety for man viability and all aught life coat in it. But, fact shows that nature have a lot of experiences damage, even have at the door its destruction, by u alone man. Its cause begins from view that insufficiently even imprecise to nature, one that see nature as deep pocket, one that always ready at exploitation when and whereabouts only, and by whom only, to take needful things and letting pitches upon things that don't be required. To secure our viability and next generation viability, in good atmosphere and agreeable and to secure continuity of life coat sort that is at nature, therefore unlikely we shall revamp deep see and treat nature. Changing attitude it is not just because nature so necessary for man, but since nature with various streaked life whatever available in it, having point in itself, one that has to be respected and is protected. With view and getting better conduct and on the nose to nature, therefore environment getting better and on the nose to nature, therefore environment and development, two highlights and very basic for man life, can be developed concurrently, in relationship each other backs up.
Man and environment (nature) having relationship so hand in glove. Both mutually give and take big influence each other. Nature influence to men more gets passive character, meanwhile man influence to more nature gets active character. Man has eksploitatif's ability to nature so can change it appropriate one be wanted. And despite of nature don't memilikim make mouth water and eksploitatif's active ability to man, but slow but must, what happen on nature, directly or indirect, will feel its influence for man life. Environmentally which is beautiful and abiding will take in positive influence for health and even man safety; on the contrary, environmentally which deteriorates for man life. eksploitatif manipulatif's action to nature will beget damage directing to nature, and at second hand that thing will impacted negative for man life in particular, and other being sort life in a general way. On the contrary, if man points out affection bigging to nature, by pets and keep up it, therefore nature will secure man viability in comfortable atmosphere and agreeable.
Environment
Environment can define to get is defined as:
Region whereabouts one a being of life lies.
Situation / condition of that girdle life a being.
Entirely situation which cover life a being or being horde lives, particularly:
1. Combine of a variety physical condition outside being lives that regards growth, developing and being ability lives to withstand life.
2. Affiliate of condition of social and culturizes that influential on situation a being individual lives or a congregation / being community live.
Environmental terminology and environment or oftentimes man environment utilized by silih change in same savvy.
If that environment concerned by law / its management order, therefore authority region limitation management in environmentally that has to be clear.
Indonesian Environment definition.
Environment for indonesian nation is not other constitute Archipelago Knowledge, one that stays position to traverse among two continents and two oceans with climatic tropical and weather and season that give natural and position condition by plays a part tall strategics its point, indonesian nation place evens out life to get state in all its aspect.
Judicially therefore knowledge in evens out penegakan environment management law at Indonesian is Archipelago Knowledge.
International agreement About Indonesia Environment includes in agreement: Biodiversity, Changing Climate, Desertifikasi, Threatened species, Perilous waste, Maritime law, Ujicoba's prohibition Nuclear, Ozone Layer protection, Pollution Bounds Fast, About wood Tropical 83, About wood Tropical 94, Wet plain, Changing Kyoto's Protocol Climate (UU 17 / 2004), Life protection Goes Out To Sea (1958) with UU 19 / 19 Environment Problem at Indonesian. Nature danger: flood, elongated drought, tsunami, earthquake, flaming mountain, forest fire, boggy mountain, landslide.
A. Environment Manner theory
Attitude and someone behaviour to something so prescribed by how its view to that something, If thing something is viewed as behoof and essential, therefore attitude and behaviour to that something is more a lot of gets character to price. On the contrary if thing something is seen and is understood as yangn's something is a dead loss and inessential, therefore attitude and emerging behaviour more a lot of gets character to ignore, even wrecks.. Man has particular view on nature, where is pendangan that have become base for action and man behaviour to nature. Of many manner view already effloresce about natures in here will be worked through three main theories, one that knew by Shallow Environmental Ethics, Environmental Ethics's intermediate, and Deep Environmental Ethics. Theory third this recognised also as antroposentrisme, biosentrisme, and ekosentrisme [i] Drd it will try to enlighten by piece, while sights it critica.
1. Antroposentrisme
Antroposentrisme (antropos = man) are a view that place man as center as of universe system. This view is meaty that thinking all policy which is taken about environment shall assess to base man and its behalf. So, its thinking center is human. Policy to nature shall be led to serve an office to human behalf. Environmental moral view antroposentrisme's one is called also as human centered ethic, since supposes morl's position and role environment that centrally on man. Therefore no wonder if in focus attention in this view lays in welfare step-up and kebahagian is man in universe. Nature is seen just as object, tool and medium for saturated requirement and man behalfs. Nature thus seen as by tool for attainment to the effect man.
Review critical up antroposentrisme's theory.
Antroposentrisme is gone upon on philosophy view that mengklaim that thing that gets moral nuance just apply on man. Man at glamourizes as that have highest point and most important in this life, go away overshot all other being. Teaching already place man as center as a this universe system have made arogan to nature, by makes as object to be exploited.
Antroposentrisme really gets instrumentalis's character, where is human relationship pattern with nature just confines to instrumental relationship one eye. Nature was seen as by tool accomplishment and man behalf. This theory is reputed sebgai one shallow environmental manner and narrow( shallow environmental ethics).
Antroposentrisme really gets teologis's character [1] since judgment that is taken for care to nature is gone upon on effect of that action for man behalf. Nature conservation e.g., just is lionized thing insofar that has impact to advantage divides kepentinmgan man.
antroposentrisme's theory was accused as one of cause for its happening environment crisis. View this is man causative braves to do eksploitatif's action to nature, with deplete natural resources for the benefit it. Environmental care just appearance in as much as concerning with human behalf, and it even more a lot of gets bearing with short-range behalf only.
Although criticism a lot of is let fly to antroposentrisme's theory, but actually argument which is at in its cukupm as base as strength divides care attitude development to nature. Man needs good hidupn environment, therefore for the benefit its life, man has to do bit pets and keep up its environments. Lack for on this theory lays in pendasaran darin action gives attention on nature, that don't be gone upon on consciousness and admitting will mark sense ontologis's point [ii] one that proprietary by that nature is alone, but just behalf man one eye.
3. Biosentrisme
Biosentrisme's environmental manner is more environmental manner emphasize life as standard as moral. One of its follower figure is kenneth Goodpaster. According to kenneth perceives pleasing or suffering is not intent on itself. Are not leisured or suffering, finally, but ability for living or behalf for living. Behalf for living one has to be made by moral default. So is not just man's and animal one even have morally been priced but also plant. According to Paul Taylor, plant hence and animal morally gets is disadvantaged and or beneficial deep struggle process for their own life, as gets growing and production.
Biosentrisme is a view that place nature as mem's one have point in itself, escape of man behalf. biosentrisme's thus refuses antroposentrisme who declares for that man that have point in itself. Biosentrisme's theory gets that view living being is not just man only. There are many thing and being type lives that has life. Just only, elaborate thing from biosentrisme, or so-called also life centered ethic, lie on the way man comments question: ”What living it?” [iii] biosentrisme's view goes upon moralitas on higher self life, entah on human or on its life being. Since one becomes cynosure and want to be pled deep cognitive it is life, therefore morally applies prisip that each life at this earth have same moral point, so has to be protected and is saved. Therefore, life each being lives seemly be taken into account serious ala in each decision and moral action, even takes down from judgment benefit to lose for man behalf [iv]
Review critical up biosentrisme's theory:
Biosentrisme emphasizes to do bit to stemmed nature of that judgment life is something that valuably, well man life and also other species at this earth. Principle or prevailing moral instruction here get as follows been set down: ” are good thing morally that we keep and memacu is life, on the contrary, out of repair if we destroy life ”.
Biosentrisme sees nature and all its content have degree and point in itself. Nature has to assess just since there is life which is contained at in it. Liabilities to nature shan't be concerned by liabilities to fellow being. Liabilities and accountability to mere nature to be gone upon on that moral judgment all species at universe has to assess on a basic that they have alone life, one that has to be priced and is protected.
Biosentrisme sees man as biologis's being that equals biologis's being another one. Man is seen as one of part just of all life which is at earth, and not such center of all universe. Therefore ala biologis man no difference it with another living being. One of figure which avoid equation pitches upon among man with another living being is Leopold. According to her, man have no deanery same pitches upon by another life being. Viability humaning to get important place in the balance moral which serious. Ahanya just, in order to secure its viability, man doesn't get to do it by sacrifies directness and ecological community continuity. Man can utilize nature the favor it, but she makes a abode to be tied-up by accountability for doesn't sacrify integrity, stability and beauty of another life being. unjtuk settles various claim upstairs criticism question among human with biologis's being another, incorrectly a biosentrisme's figure, Taylor, making distinction among moral agent (agents's moral) and moral subject (subjects's moral). Human moral because she have ability for acting morally, as ability of kindness and freedom mind. Therefore just man that shoulders to do bit and moral accountability on options, and its action. On the contrary, subyk is moral is being who can be treated one good manners or out of repair, and it is meant concerns all being live, including man. Thus all moral agent is also moral subject, but is not all moral subject be moral agent, whereabouts moral agent has to do bit and accountability to them [v].
biosentrisme's theory, the so called also intermediate environmental ethic, shall apprehended with every consideration, notably concern man life and the other life beings at earths it. This theory give wight and same moral judgment to all life being. Herein that respondent nature and all life which is contained at in it has input in the balance and moral care. Man doesn't sacrify another life pitches upon on a basic that grasp nature and all content it not well worth in itself.
4. Ekosentrisme
Ekosentrisme's Environmental manner is titled for manner what does emphasize relevance all being and anorganisme in ecosystem. Each individual in ecosystem is believed relates one by another one ala mutual. Planet earths to terminological this manner view is kind of integral factory, an entire mutually being needs, mutually underpins and each other require. So process life and death has happening and as life manner interior ecosystem. Death and life must being accepted by balance ala. Natural law enables being each other betwixt prey all species. This becomes reason why man may eat elements that is at nature, beastly and also plant. According to one of its figure, John B. Cobb, this manner labour balance among individual behalf with overall behalf in ecosystem.
Ekosentrisme can be said as sequel of lingkungann biosentrisme's manner theory. If biosentrisme just centralize attention on life the lot, ekosentrisme just centralize attention on exhaustive biologis's community, well the living one and also not. This view is gone upon on that grasp ecological ala, well life being and also another antibiotic objects mutually concerning one same another. So ekosentrisme, besides in line with biosentrisme whereabouts both same averse antroposentrisme's view also range ecological community the lot. So ekosentrisme, strove for same moral responsibility for all reality biologis.
Review critical up ekosentrisme's theory:
Ekosentrisme, the so called also deep environmental ethics, progressively other dipulerkan denganversi afters introduced by Arne Naes, a Norwegian philosopher with calls as Deep Ecology [vi] this is a new paradigm about nature and all its content. Attention is not just get center on human but on living being the lot in terms effort settle environment problem. Man is not again center of moral the world. Deep Ecology centralizes attention to all life at earths it, are not just behalf all ecology community.
Arne Naes even also utilize ecosophy's terminology to give pendasaran philosophy on deep ecology. “Delicious ” family matter and “ sophy ” wisdom or wisdom matter. Therefore ecosophy means wisdom in manage life in harmony with nature as one family in extensive mean. In ecosophy's view appears to mark sense a shift of a only one knowledges (science) as one wisdom (wisdom). In this mean, environment not only just as one knowledge but one wisdom, one way of living, one pattern lives in harmony with nature. This is trick to look after and pets lingjkungannya arid's ala, within reason one family.
Deep ecology follows prisip biospheric egalitarianism, which is confession that all being and life being is membered same its state of an entire one relate so have same dignities. This concerns a that confession rights for living and effloresce for all being (well hayati and also nonhayati) are one rights univerval that can't be ignored.
Deep ecology's attitude to environmentally very clear, not only centralize attention on adulterating impact for man health, teapi also on life as a whole. Approaching that is done in face various issue environment doesn't get antroposentris's character, but biosentris and even ekosentris. Universe content be not been seen just as sumberdaya and assesses it of economic function one eye. Nature shall be seen also darisegi assesses and culture function, social, spiritual, medical and biologis.
B.Earth as unitary as ecosystem
To develop view that progressively teapat to understanding needful environment one getting better about situation and keberlangsungan a variety happening life coat this earth. Attitude to environmentally also constitute attitude that directly or indirect, realize or stoned be led to at alone ream and mankind the lot. That thing happening because earth constitutes a hayati's variety that dependent each other one by another one.
1.Ecosystem earths
Ecosystem (of oikos's greek word = house, and systema = entire) intended as a life element one environment (being), one that constitutes one system, namely overall one most at r on sectioned one mutually concerning, and interplay. Earth can be viewed as a big ecosystem per se it exists various smaller ecosystem, there is ocean ecosystem, forest ecosystem, mountain ecosystem, river ecosystem, beach area ecosystem, etcetera. All that ecosystem ranges all life form that is at in it, one that interacting each other and interplay, so all biosphere, or all life coat constitutes one ecosystem earth.
2. Man just as one of elemental
Although man constitutes being the most go forward, but man only constitutes one of life coat that happens at this earth, are not moreover. Man have no absolute independency, whereabouts don't mengalamim direct influence or indirect of its vicinity environment. Fact that can't at argues that there is relationship and mutually influence among human and its environment. Man can regard its environment, conversely also, environmentally must regard man. If damage environment therefore man life will be threatened, and in the end can destroyed.
3. Role humaning to environmentally
According to geographers, that this our earth have gotten age 5 billion years. Two billion first year haven't available lifes on it since earth that time just comprise of nonliving objects as batbatuan, gas, and mote. But earth gets dynamic character with happens it processes as: tektonik's move, vulkanik, changing climate etcetera. That prose's process have destructive energy at a swoop konstruktif, change at a swoop strengthens. Every thing silih's happening shifts in kurun so long time.
Of happening dynamic process earth, appearance in this beings patronising base items live, as hydrogen (H2), oxygen (O2) and nitrogen (N2). With marks sense that elements begins life appearance at earths it, estimated around 3 billion last years. Initially forms aught life be still confine to plant and animal type low level. Via prose dynamic, more or less 2 million last years, come into the world new being type that named human. Man has to rack brains and nervous system who can result the will and feel, so makes it more can conform and last in situated its environment, even can also look for alternative for adapts and manage its environment piecemeal.
Thus therefore man not only accept influence of its environment, but also give influence that progressively long time the greater to nature. Human present gets to enrich dynamic process earths already happen since early its existence. Ability racks brains man in new think up to find technology that progressively medley take in influence impact outgrows to nature. Man can dry ocean, creating rain etcetera. Can be said that earth nevermore experience that dynamic process on itself, but have involved manusian and life being in processes interaction that interplay. That influence will the greater in line with nun [of] time. Just just role's and influence that pointed out by man to nature doesn't help amends nature to aim perfection. Human intervention have taken in negative impact to nature, and a variety coat life at in it.
C. Human unity with its Environment
1.Influence sorts Nature
As well as another life being, man continually gets interaction with its environment. Man regards its environment, conversely, it also being regarded by its environment. As is man, which is fenotipenya formed by interaction among Genotipe and its environment. Genotipe not also constant, but perpetually experiences changing since mark sense mutation to mark sense mutation on gene in its chromosome, well spontanous mutation and also mutation because environment influence.
With happening gene mutation, therefore man, although just comprise of one type, which is gay msapiens, but variety (diversity) genotipenya really outgrows. This happening on human forbear where with marks sense genotipenya's variety therefore opportunity openended outgrows to its happening nature selection.
That selection happening passes through nature factor, and of course also via cultural social force. Happening fact Just individual suitably or gets to conform by its environment can amends. Thing that is that espouse man evolution of its forbear, Australopithecus africanus, as modern man, sapiens's gay.
2.Picture domiciles Man in environments
Place domiciles man be intermediated by environment it can be seen of two facets:
First: of behavioural structure facet and ability.
Can be sorted as follows:
· Inorganic level (off object): just have weight and style, move don't alone willingness settle.
· Plant levels: have had life to get growing, but is still dependent on tries a fall her outboard.
· Animal level: there is life and growth, there is spirit and the will that bases regularity (insting,instinct).
· Human level: having equipment as being of life that gets the will and discreet kindness, one that thus principally gets to have done terminological willingness thyself.
This thread get as follows been figured:
Man
Animal level
Organic level
Inorganic level
Source: Fredy Buntaran, OFM, Sister Earths...,
In this view man lies on superordinate than object position or another being.
Both of: Of position facet in entirely ecosystem get as follows been figured:
Ecosystem
Environmentally
biotik
Environmentally
abiotik
Man
Source; Fredy Buntaran, OFM, Sister Earths
In image upon visible that man is at another elements, are not above and nor under another one. In view all element forms an ecosystem circle that gets bearing each other. Man and elements anothering to give contribution to all ecosystem of its place each. Position as this is that more reflect relationship among elements in an interdependence relationship each other.
D. Developing Concept in point about environment
Of many explanation hit manner theory about environment, added by picture hits relationship and man position in universe, need formulated a grasp and getting better attitude and accounts for to environment. Grasp that progressively correct is understanding one push on attitude and behaviour that progressively secures keberlangsungan all life process that exists in this universe, including amongst those, man.
1. Environmental manner theories
Was described about drd manners main theory environmental: antroposentrisme, biosentrisme and ekosentrisme. Drd it is same strove for liabilities and man accountability to nature. Antroposentrisme, there are many is accused as source of its happening exploits environment. But this theory regular charges man readiness to pet its environment. biosentrisme's theory, centralizing attention on the whole life which have point on itself, attention is not just be attributed to man but also to other living being besides man. ekosentrisme's theory offer grasp that progressively is equal to about environment. Expanded moral care, so ranges ecological community the lot, well the living one and also not. Ekosentrisme that progressively been expanded deep deep ecology and ecosophy, really excite man grasp about behalf all ecological community. Deep ecology charges a new manner that don't get to center to man, but gets center on the whole life in terms effort settle environment problem. One that as moral the world center is not just again man, but all species, including non-human species. Deep ecology is not just a only philosophical grasp about environment, but one konkrit's movement and practical environment saving. This is view which better we develop consistently.
2. Deep ecology and its development
ekosentrisme's concept gets to be expanded and is deepened theory thru deep ecology, as it were popularized by Arne Naess, one that call basic of its philosophy about environment as ecosophy, namely wisdom manages to live in harmony with nature. Human thus wittingly full, asked for to build a kindness and the will wisdom, a life style that progressively in harmony with nature.
There is 8 deep ecology's principles that can see as view that averagely been followed by deep ecology's supporting.
- Welfare and is fine from manusiawi's life and also life is not manusiawi at earths, having intrinsik's point. This point not pending of useful don't it the world be not manusiawi for the purpose man.
- Wealth and life form varieties, menyumbangkan to materialize it this point and constitutes alone points.
- Man don't deserve to reduce wealth and this variety, but to meet the need vital.
- Are fine from life and man culture can be geared by reduced its substansia's ala population. Be fine life is not manusiawi requires to be reduced its that population.
- Human interference with world non-human now outsize, and situation deteriorates with quick.
- In consequence common policy shall changed. That policy concern basic structures at economic area, technology and ideology. Evoked situation as it were result it will variably exhaustively with present structures.
- Changing ideological is particularly price life quality (its mean, man can stay behind deep situation which valuably inheren), and doesn't get to hold on life default that excelsior. Will arise visceral consciousness will difference among big(=amount) and great(=quality).
- They who agree items in advance honor bound straightforward and indirect to labour arrange changing one need.
3. Human correct position deep.
Deep ecology's view estimable because place man as part of nature. View ekosentrisme can also insofar correct that view not undone man of nature. Nature really have intrisik's point, that don't cling to its benefit for man. But then, we need also realistic see that teknokratis's approaching have taken in benefit that not necessarily even not necessarily been removed again. One that has to be refused is teknokratis's approaching that wreck nature and not pets it. On the contrary, if we accept ekosentrisme, we may not fall deep extreme other, which is ” ekofasisme ”, whereabouts man as individual is sacrified to nature as overall as [vii] Just man that our naming ’ persona ” that have special dignity, that don't be had by another life being. Biospherical egalitarianisme cannot be right if slated as equation of dignity all being lives.
Admitting that whole being has deep point itself, including in such event human, may not take in degree cut back consequence and man dignity as the one only of being at earths it who have kindness and free will mind. But then special dignity imposition to human person, few unreduced nature dignity even, but just increased. With idiosyncrasy that its proprietary, man becomes being the one only live that has a moral responsibility, to itself and also its environment. Therefore, via man, nature is in control of try fortune.
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